Shaandho molecular ah waa walax leh daloolo (godad aad u yar) oo cabbir isku mid ah leh

Shaandho molecular ah waa walax leh daloolo (godad aad u yar) oo cabbir isku mid ah leh. Dhexroorka dalooladan waxay la mid yihiin cabbirkooda molecules-ka yaryar, sidaas darteed molecules-ka waaweyn ma geli karaan ama lama nuugi karo, halka molecules-ka yaryar ay awoodaan. Marka isku darka molecules-ku uu dhex maro sariirta taagan ee walax daloolo leh, oo nus-adag oo loo yaqaan shaandho (ama matrix), qaybaha miisaanka molecular-ka ugu sarreeya (kuwaas oo aan awoodin inay galaan daloolada molecular-ka) waxay marka hore ka baxaan sariirta, waxaana ku xiga molecules-ka yaryar ee isku xiga. Qaar ka mid ah shaandho molecular-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa chromatography-ga ka-saarista cabbirka, oo ah farsamo kala-soocid ah oo kala sooca molecules-ka iyadoo lagu saleynayo cabbirkooda. Shaandho kale oo molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii nadiifiyayaal (tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah dhuxusha firfircoon iyo jel silica).
Dhexroorka daloolka ee shaandhada molecular-ka waxaa lagu cabbiraa ångströms (Å) ama nanometers (nm). Sida ku cad qoraalka IUPAC, walxaha daloolada yar yar waxay leeyihiin dhexroor dalool oo ka yar 2 nm (20 Å) walxaha daloolada yar yarna waxay leeyihiin dhexroor dalool oo ka weyn 50 nm (500 Å); sidaas darteed qaybta mesoporous waxay ku taal bartamaha iyadoo dhexroor dalooladu u dhexeeyaan 2 iyo 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Agabka
Fiilooyinka molecular-ka waxay noqon karaan walxo yaryar oo daloolo leh, mesoporous ah, ama macroporous ah.
Maaddooyin yar yar oo dalool leh (
●Zeolites (macdanta aluminium-silicate, oo aan lagu khaldin aluminium-silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Galaas daloolo leh: 10 Å (1 nm), iyo wixii ka sarreeya
● Kaarboon firfircoon: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), iyo wixii ka sarreeya
● Dhoobo
● Isku-darka Montmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): Laba qaab oo caadi ah ayaa la helaa, marka ay qoyaan, dhoobadu waxay muujisaa kala fogaansho 1 nm ah oo lakabyada ah, marka ay fuuq baxdona (meta-halloysite) kala fogaanshuhu waa 0.7 nm. Halloysite si dabiici ah ayuu u dhacaa sida dhululubo yaryar oo celcelis ahaan dhexroorkoodu yahay 30 nm oo dhererkoodu u dhexeeyo 0.5 iyo 10 micrometers.
Walax Mesoporous ah (2–50 nm)
Silikoon laba ogsaydh (oo loo isticmaalo sameynta jelka silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Walax yar oo daloolo leh (>50 nm)
Silica macroporos, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Codsiyada[Wax ka beddel]
Shaandhooyinka molecular-ka waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa warshadaha batroolka, gaar ahaan qalajinta durdurrada gaaska. Tusaale ahaan, warshadaha gaaska dabiiciga ah ee dareeraha ah (LNG), biyaha ku jira gaaska waa in la dhimo wax ka yar 1 ppmv si looga hortago xannibaadaha ay keenaan barafka ama methane clathrate.
Shaybaarka dhexdiisa, shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyo dareeraha. "Shaandhooyinku" waxay caddeeyeen inay ka fiican yihiin farsamooyinka qalajinta dhaqameed, kuwaas oo inta badan adeegsada qalajiyeyaal xoog leh.
Ereyga zeolites, shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyo badan oo kaalshiyam ah. Waxay kiciyaan isomerization, alkylation, iyo epoxidation, waxaana loo isticmaalaa hababka warshadaha ee baaxadda weyn, oo ay ku jiraan hydrocracking iyo dildilaaca catalytic dareere ah.
Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa shaandhaynta agabka hawada ee qalabka neefsashada, tusaale ahaan kuwa ay isticmaalaan quusayaasha iyo dab-damiska. Codsiyada noocaas ah, hawada waxaa bixiya kombaresarada hawada waxaana la mariyaa shaandhada kartoonada kaas oo, iyadoo ku xiran codsiga, lagu buuxiyo shaandho molecular ah iyo/ama kaarboon firfircoon, ugu dambeyntiina loo isticmaalo in lagu dallaco haamaha hawada neefsashada. Shaandhaynta noocan oo kale ah waxay ka saari kartaa walxaha qashinka kombaresarada iyo alaabada qiiqa kombaresarada ee ka imanaya sahayda hawada neefsashada.
Ansixinta FDA.
Hay'adda FDA ee Mareykanka ayaa laga bilaabo Abriil 1, 2012, ansixisay sodium aluminosilicate si toos ah loola xiriiro walxaha la isticmaalo iyadoo la raacayo 21 CFR 182.2727. Kahor ansixintan Midowga Yurub wuxuu isticmaalay shaandho molecular ah oo leh daawooyin, baaritaan madax-bannaanna wuxuu soo jeediyay in shaandho molecular ah ay buuxiyaan dhammaan shuruudaha dowladda laakiin warshaduhu ma aysan dooneynin inay maalgeliyaan baaritaanka qaaliga ah ee looga baahan yahay oggolaanshaha dowladda.
Dib-u-soo-nooleyn
Hababka dib u soo noolaynta shaandhada molecular-ka waxaa ka mid ah isbeddelka cadaadiska (sida kuwa ku jira oksijiinta), kulaylinta iyo nadiifinta gaaska side (sida marka loo isticmaalo fuuq-baxa ethanol), ama kulaylinta faakiyuumka sare. Heerkulka dib-u-cusboonaysiinta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 175 °C (350 °F) ilaa 315 °C (600 °F) iyadoo ku xiran nooca shaandhada molecular-ka. Taas bedelkeeda, jelka silica waxaa dib loo soo noolayn karaa iyadoo lagu kululeeyo foorno caadi ah ilaa 120 °C (250 °F) muddo laba saacadood ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, noocyada jelka silica qaarkood way "soo bixi doonaan" marka la soo gaaro biyo ku filan. Tani waxaa sababa jabka qaybaha silica marka la taabto biyaha.

Moodel	Dhexroorka daloolka (Ångström)	Cufnaanta badan (g/ml)	Biyaha la nuugay (% w/w)	Soo-bax ama xoqid, W(% w/w)	Isticmaalka
3Å	3	0.60–0.68	19–20	0.3–0.6	Qubeyskaeedildilaaca batroolkagaaska iyo alkenes, nuugista xulashada ee H2O gudahagalaas dahaaran (IG)iyo polyurethane, qalajintashidaalka ethanolsi loogu daro shidaalka.
4Å	4	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.6	Nuugista biyaha ee gudahasodium aluminosilicatekaas oo ay ansixisay FDA (fiirihoose) loo isticmaalo sidii shaandho molecular ah oo ku jirta weelasha caafimaadka si loo ilaaliyo waxa ku jira qalalan iyo sidawax lagu daro cuntadaisagooLambarka E-lambarkaE-554 (wakiil ka hortagga shaandhada); Waxaa loo door bidaa fuuq-baxa joogtada ah ee nidaamyada dareeraha ama gaaska xiran, tusaale ahaan, baakadaha daawooyinka, qaybaha korontada iyo kiimikooyinka burburaya; nadiifinta biyaha ee nidaamyada daabacaadda iyo balaastikada iyo qalajinta durdurrada hydrocarbon ee buuxa. Noocyada la nuugay waxaa ka mid ah SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, iyo C3H6. Guud ahaan waxaa loo arkaa walax qalajin caalami ah oo ku jirta warbaahinta polar iyo kuwa aan polar ahayn;[12]kala soociddagaaska dabiiciga ahiyoalkenesnuugista biyaha ee aan xasaasi u ahayn nitrogen-kapolyurethane
5Å-DW	5	0.45–0.50	21–22	0.3–0.6	Saliidaynta iyo hoos u dhigista dhibicda dufanka leh eeduulista gaaska la shitoiyonaaftada, iyo kala soocidda alkenes
5Å oo ah kuwo oksijiin yar leh	5	0.4–0.8	≥23		Si gaar ah loogu talagalay matoor oksijiin caafimaad ama caafimaad qaba[xigasho ayaa loo baahan yahay]
5Å	5	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.5	Nadiifinta iyo nadiifinta hawada;fuuq-baxiyodesulfurizationgaaska dabiiciga ah iyogaaska batroolka dareeraha ah;ogsijiiniyohaydarojiinwax soo saar ay samaysaynuugista cadaadiska lulidhabka
10X	8	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.6	Saarista waxtarka leh, oo loo isticmaalo qalajinta, ka saarista carburization, ka saarista gaaska iyo dareerayaasha iyo kala soociddaHaydarokarboon udgoon
13X	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Nadiifinta, nadiifinta iyo nadiifinta gaaska batroolka iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah
13X-AS	10	0.55–0.65	23–24	0.3–0.5	Kala-saaristaiyo ka-baxa warshadaha kala-soocidda hawada, kala-soocidda naytaroojiinta iyo ogsijiinta ee ku jira ururiyeyaasha ogsijiinta
Cu-13X	10	0.50–0.60	23–24	0.3–0.5	Macaanayn(ka saaristathiols) eeshidaalka duulistaiyo mid u dhigantaHaydarokarboonada dareeraha ah

Awoodaha nuugista

3Å

Qaaciddada kiimikada ee qiyaasta ah: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O

Saamiga silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2

Soo saarista

Shaandhooyinka molecular-ka 3A waxaa lagu soo saaraa is-weydaarsiga cation-kapotassiumeesoodhiyam4A shaandho molecular ah (Hoos ka eeg)

Isticmaalka

Shaandhada molecular-ka ee 3Å ma nuugaan molecules-ka dhexroorkoodu ka weyn yahay 3 Å. Astaamaha shaandhada molecular-ka waxaa ka mid ah xawaaraha nuugista degdega ah, awoodda dib u soo noolaynta soo noqnoqda, iska caabin wanaagsan oo burburin ah iyoiska caabbinta wasakhowgaAstaamahani waxay hagaajin karaan hufnaanta iyo cimriga shaandhada. Shaandhada molecular-ka ee 3Å waa kuwa lagama maarmaanka u ah warshadaha batroolka iyo kiimikada si loo nadiifiyo saliidda, polymerization-ka, iyo qallajinta qoto dheer ee gaaska-dareere kiimikada.

Shaandhada molecular-ka ee 3Å waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyo noocyo kala duwan oo walxo ah, sidaethanol, hawada,qaboojiyaha,gaaska dabiiciga ahiyoHaydarokarboonada aan dheregsanaynKuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah gaaska dilaaca,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneiyobutadiene.

3Å shaandho molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in biyaha laga saaro ethanol, taas oo hadhow si toos ah loogu isticmaali karo shidaal bayooloji ah ama si dadban si loo soo saaro alaabooyin kala duwan sida kiimikooyinka, cuntooyinka, daawooyinka, iyo waxyaabo kaloo badan. Maadaama sifeynta caadiga ah aysan ka saari karin dhammaan biyaha (wax soo saar aan loo baahnayn oo ka yimaada soo saarista ethanol) durdurrada habka ethanol sababtoo ah sameyntaazeotropeIyada oo qiyaastii 95.6 boqolkiiba isku-urursanaanta miisaanka, kuul shaandho molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro ethanol iyo biyaha heer molecular ah iyadoo biyaha lagu nuugayo kuullada oo loo oggolaanayo ethanol-ka inuu si xor ah u gudbo. Marka kuullada ay ka buuxaan biyo, heerkulka ama cadaadiska waa la maareyn karaa, taasoo u oggolaanaysa biyaha inay ka sii daayaan kuul shaandho molecular ah.[15]

Shaandhada molecular-ka ee 3Å waxaa lagu kaydiyaa heerkulka qolka, iyadoo qoyaankoodu aanu ka badnayn 90%. Waxaa lagu xiraa cadaadis yar, waxaana laga ilaaliyaa biyaha, asiidhyada iyo alkalis.

4Å

Qaacidada kiimikada: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O

Saamiga silikoon-aluminium: 1:1 (SiO2/Al2O3≈2)

Soo saarista

Soo saarista shaandhada 4Å waa mid fudud maadaama aysan u baahnayn cadaadis sare ama heerkul sare gaar ahaan.soodhiyam silicateiyosodium aluminatewaxaa lagu daraa heerkul ah 80 °C. Badeecada lagu shubay dareeraha waxaa "lagu dhaqaajiyaa" iyadoo "lagu dubayo" heerkul ah 400 °C 4A shaandhooyinku waxay u adeegaan sidii horudhaca shaandhooyin 3A iyo 5A ah oo dhex maraisweydaarsiga katanadaeesoodhiyameepotassium(3A) amakalsiyum(5A)

Isticmaalka

Dareeraha qalajinta

Sifeeyyada molecular-ka ee 4Å ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyo dareerayaasha shaybaadhka. Waxay nuugi karaan biyaha iyo molecules-ka kale ee leh dhexroor muhiim ah oo ka yar 4 Å sida NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, iyo C2H4. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalajinta, sifeynta iyo nadiifinta dareerayaasha iyo gaasaska (sida diyaarinta argon).

 

Waxyaabaha lagu daro walxaha Polyester[wax ka beddel]

Shaandhooyinkan molecular-ka ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu caawiyo saabuunta maadaama ay soo saari karaan biyo nadiif ah oo dhex marakalsiyumIs-weydaarsiga aayoonka, ka saarista iyo ka hortagga dhigista wasakhda. Si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu beddelofosfooraskaShaandhada molecular-ka 4Å waxay door weyn ka ciyaartaa beddelka sodium tripolyphosphate oo ah kaaliyayaasha saabuunta si loo yareeyo saameynta deegaanka ee saabuunta. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sidiisaabuunwakiilka sameynta iyo gudahadaawada cadayga.

Daaweynta qashinka waxyeelada leh

Shaandhooyinka molecular-ka 4Å waxay nadiifin karaan wasakhda noocyada cationic sidaamooniyamions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ iyo Cd2+. Xulasho sare oo NH4+ ah awgeed, si guul leh ayaa loogu adeegsaday goobta dagaalka.kororka tamartaiyo saameyn kale oo ku timaadda marinnada biyaha oo ay ugu wacan tahay aamooniyada xad-dhaafka ah. 4Å shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay in lagu saaro aayoonada birta culus ee ku jira biyaha sababo la xiriira hawlaha warshadaha.

Ujeeddooyin kale

Thewarshadaha birta: wakiilka kala-soocidda, kala-soocidda, soo saarista potassium-ka brine,rubidium,qalliinka kesiumiwm.

Warshadaha kiimikada batroolka,kiciyaha,qalajiye, nuugaya

Beeraha:qaboojiyaha ciidda

Daawada: lacagta rarkazeolitewakiilka bakteeriyada dila.

5Å

Qaacidada kiimikada: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O

Saamiga silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2

Soo saarista

5A shaandhooyin molecular ah waxaa lagu soo saaraa is-weydaarsiga cation eekalsiyumeesoodhiyam4A shaandho molecular ah (Fiiri kor)

Isticmaalka

Shan-ångström(5Å) shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa gudahabatroolwarshadaha, gaar ahaan nadiifinta durdurrada gaaska iyo shaybaarka kiimikada si loo kala saaroisku-dhisyoiyo walxaha bilowga falcelinta qalajinta. Waxay ka kooban yihiin daloolo yaryar oo cabbir sax ah oo isku mid ah, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa nuugista gaasaska iyo dareerayaasha.

Shan-ångström molecular shaandhooyin ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyogaaska dabiiciga ah, oo ay weheliso bandhig faneeddesulfurizationiyokaarboon-saaridgaaska. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala saaro isku-darka oksijiinta, nitrojiin iyo haydarojiin, iyo saliid-wax n-hydrocarbons laga soocay haydarojiin laamo leh iyo kuwa polycyclic ah.

Shan-ångström molecular shaandhooyin ayaa lagu kaydiyaa heerkulka qolka, iyadooQoyaan qaraabo ahwax ka yar 90% foosto kartoon ama baakado kartoon ah. Shaandhada molecular-ka waa in aan si toos ah loogu soo bandhigin hawada iyo biyaha, asiidhyada iyo alkalis waa in laga fogaadaa.

Qaab-dhismeedka shaandhada molecular-ka

Fiilooyinka molecular-ka waxaa laga heli karaa qaabab iyo cabbirro kala duwan. Laakiin kuulada wareegsan waxay ka faa'iido badan yihiin qaabab kale maadaama ay bixiyaan hoos u dhac cadaadis oo hooseeya, waa kuwo u adkaysta soo-jiidashada maadaama aysan lahayn geeso fiiqan, waxayna leeyihiin xoog wanaagsan, tusaale ahaan xoogga burburinta ee loo baahan yahay halkii unugba waa ka sarreeyaa. Fiilooyinka molecular qaarkood ee kuul leh waxay bixiyaan awood kuleyl oo hooseeya sidaas darteed baahida tamarta oo hooseysa inta lagu jiro dib-u-cusboonaysiinta.

Faa'iidada kale ee isticmaalka shaandhada molecular-ka ee looxa leh ayaa ah in cufnaanta badan ay badanaa ka sarreyso qaabka kale, sidaas darteed baahida nuugista isku mid ah ee mugga shaandhada molecular-ka ayaa loo baahan yahay in la yareeyo. Sidaa darteed marka la samaynayo de-bottlenecking, qofku wuxuu isticmaali karaa shaandho molecular ah oo looxa leh, wuxuu ku shubi karaa nuugayaal badan isla mugga, wuxuuna ka fogaan karaa wax ka beddelka weelka.