Shaandhooyin molecular waa shay leh daloolo (daloolooyin aad u yar) oo lebbisan. Dhexrooryadan daldaloolada ah waxay la mid yihiin cabbirka molecules yaryar, sidaas awgeed unugyadu ma geli karaan, lamana dhejin karaan, halka unugyo yaryar ay awoodaan. Sida isku dhafka unugyadu ay u guuraan sariirta taagan ee dabada ah, walax adag oo loo yaqaan shaandho (ama matrix), qaybaha miisaanka kelli ee ugu sarreeya (kuwaas oo aan awoodin inay u gudbaan daloolada molecular) ka tag sariirta marka hore, oo ay ku xigto unugyo yaryar oo isdaba joog ah. Qaar ka mid ah shaandhada molecular ayaa loo isticmaalaa chromatography-ka-saaritaanka cabbirka, farsamada kala-soocidda oo kala saarta molecules iyadoo lagu saleynayo cabbirkooda. Shaandhooyin kale oo molecular ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii qallajiyeyaasha (tusaalaha qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah dhuxul firfircoon iyo jelka silica).
Dhexroorka daloolka shaandhada molecular waxaa lagu cabbiraa ångströms (Å) ama nanometers (nm). Marka loo eego qoraalka IUPAC, walxaha yaryar waxay leeyihiin dhexroor dalool oo ka yar 2 nm (20 Å) iyo walxaha macroporous waxay leeyihiin dhexroor dalool oo ka weyn 50 nm (500 Å); Qaybta mesoporous sidaas awgeed waxay dhexda ku jirtaa dhexroorka dalool ee u dhexeeya 2 iyo 50 nm (20-500 Å).
Qalabka
Shaandhooyinka molecular waxay noqon karaan shay yar yar, mesoporous, ama makroporous.
Waxyaabo yar yar (
●Zeolites (macdanta aluminosilicate, ma aha in lagu khaldo aluminium silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3-4 Å
●Muraayadaha dabada leh: 10 Å (1 nm), iyo kor
●Kaarboon firfircoon: 0-20 Å (0-2 nm), iyo kor
●Dhoobo
●Montmorillonite is dhex gal
●Halloysite (endellite): Laba qaab oo caadi ah ayaa la helaa, marka la fuuqeeyo dhoobadu waxay muujinaysaa fogaan 1 nm ah ee lakabyada iyo marka fuuqbaxa (meta-halloysite) kala dheerayntu waa 0.7 nm. Halloysite si dabiici ah waxay u dhacdaa sida dhululubo yaryar oo celcelis ahaan 30 nm dhexroor ah oo dhererkoodu u dhexeeyo 0.5 iyo 10 micrometers.
Waxyaabo badan (2-50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (oo loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo jel silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Walxaha makroporous (> 50 nm)
Silica makroporous, 200-1000 Å (20-100 nm)
Codsiyada[wax ka bedel]
Shaandhooyin molecular ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa warshadaha batroolka, gaar ahaan qalajinta qulqulka gaaska. Tusaale ahaan, warshadaha gaaska dabiiciga ah ee dareeraha ah (LNG), waxa ku jira biyaha gaaska waxay u baahan yihiin in la dhimo in ka yar 1 ppmv si looga hortago xannibaadaha uu keeno barafka ama methane clathrate.
Shaybaarka dhexdiisa, shaandhada molecular ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qallajiyo dareeraha. "Sieves" waxay caddeeyeen inay ka sarreeyaan farsamooyinka qalajinta ee dhaqameed, kuwaas oo inta badan shaqaaleeya qallajiye qallafsan.
Marka loo eego ereyga zeolites, shaandhada molecular waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyo kala duwan oo katalytik ah. Waxay kiciyaan isomerisation, alkylation, iyo epoxidation, waxaana loo adeegsadaa geeddi-socodyo warshadeed oo baaxad leh, oo ay ku jiraan biyo-raadin iyo dildilaaca dareeraha.
Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sifaynta sahayda hawada ee qalabka neefsashada, tusaale ahaan kuwa ay isticmaalaan quusayaasha iyo dab-demiska. Codsiyada noocaan oo kale ah, hawada waxaa lagu shubaa kombaresarka hawada waxaana loo sii maraa shaandhada kartoonada taasoo, iyadoo ku xiran codsiga, ay ka buuxaan shaandho molecular iyo/ama kaarboon firfircoon, ugu dambeyntiina waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dallaco haamaha neefsashada. iyo alaabta qiiqa kombaresarada ee sahayda hawada neefsashada.
Oggolaanshaha FDA.
FDA waxay leedahay laga bilaabo Abriil 1, 2012, ansixisay sodium aluminosilicate si toos ah ula xiriirto alaabta la isticmaalo ee hoos timaada 21 CFR 182.2727. Ansixintan ka hor Midowga Yurub wuxuu isticmaalay shaandho molecular oo leh dawooyin iyo baaritaan madax-bannaan ayaa soo jeediyay in shaandhada molecular ay buuxiso dhammaan shuruudaha dawladda laakiin warshaduhu ma rabin inay maalgeliyaan imtixaanka qaaliga ah ee looga baahan yahay oggolaanshaha dawladda.
Dib u soo kabashada
Hababka dib-u-soo-nooleynta shaandhooyinka molecular waxaa ka mid ah isbeddelka cadaadiska (sida xoogga-saareyaasha oksijiinta), kuleylinta iyo ku nadiifinta gaaska side (sida marka loo isticmaalo fuuq-baxa ethanol), ama kuleylka hoostiisa faakuum sare. Heerkulka dib-u-soo-nooleynta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 175 °C (350 °F) ilaa 315 ° C (600 ° F) iyadoo ku xiran nooca shaandhada molecular. Taas bedelkeeda, jelka silica waxaa dib loo soo saari karaa iyadoo lagu kululeynayo foornada caadiga ah ilaa 120 ° C (250 ° F) muddo laba saacadood ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah noocyada jel silica ayaa "soo bixi doona" marka ay la kulmaan biyo ku filan. Tan waxaa sababa jebinta qaybaha silica marka biyaha lala xiriirinayo.
| Qaabka | Dhexroor dalool (Ångström) | Cufnaanta weyn (g/ml) | Biyo la shubay (% w/w) | Naxdin ama nabar, W(% w/w) | Isticmaalka |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60-0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Desicationeedildilaaca batroolkagaaska iyo alkenes, xayeysiinta xulashada ee H2O gudahagalaaska dahaaran (IG)iyo polyurethane, qalajintashidaalka ethanolsi loogu daro shidaal. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60-0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Adsorption of biyaha gudahasodium aluminosilicateKaas oo FDA ogolaatay (eeghoose) loo isticmaalo shaandho molecular oo weel caafimaad ah si ay waxa ku jira u engegaan iyo sidacunto lagu darolahaanshoE-lambarkaE-554 (wakiilka ka hortagga-caking); Loo door bidayay fuuqbaxa aan joogtada ahayn ee dareeraha ama gaaska xiran, tusaale ahaan, baakadaha dawooyinka, qaybaha korontada iyo kiimikooyinka burburay; qashinka biyaha ee nidaamyada daabacaadda iyo balaastikada iyo qalajinta durdurro kaarboon-karboon ah. Noocyada la isku dhejiyay waxaa ka mid ah SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, iyo C3H6. Guud ahaan loo tixgeliyo wakiilka qalajinta caalamiga ah ee warbaahinta polar iyo nonpolar;[12]kala soociddagaaska dabiiciga ahiyoalkenes, ku milanka biyaha ee xasaasiga ah ee aan nitrogen ahaynpolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45-0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Dereasing iyo shub dhibic niyad jabduulista kirosiniyonaaftada, iyo kala soocidda alkenes |
| 5Å yar oo ogsijiin-hodanka ah | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Si gaar ah loogu talagalay soo-saare oksijiin caafimaad ama caafimaad leh.xigasho loo baahan yahay] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60-0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3-0.5 | Nadiifinta iyo nadiifinta hawada;fuuqbaxiyonadiifintaee gaaska dabiiciga ah iyogaaska dareeraha ah ee batroolka;ogsijiiniyohydrogensoo saarista byadsorption lulid cadaadishabka |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50-0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Kala-soocidda waxtarka sare leh, oo loo isticmaalo qallajinta, decarburization, desulfurization gaaska iyo dareeraha iyo kala-soociddahydrocarbon caraf udgoon |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55-0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3-0.5 | Nadiifinta, nadiifinta iyo nadiifinta gaasta batroolka iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55-0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3-0.5 | Qurxintaiyo qallajinta warshadaha kala-soocidda hawada, kala-soocidda nitrogen ee ogsijiinta ee xoogga-ururinta oksijiinta |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50-0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3-0.5 | macaanayn(ka saaridathiols) eeshidaalka duulistaiyo u dhigmaHydrocarbons dareere ah |
Awoodaha adsorption
3Å
Qiyaasta caanaha kiimikada: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Saamiga Silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Wax soo saar
3 Shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa lagu soo saaraa isweydaarsiga cationpotassiumwaayosodium4A shaandho molecular (hoos eeg)
Isticmaalka
3Å shaandhooyin molecular ah kuma xidhaan molecules dhexroorkoodu ka weyn yahay 3 Å. Astaamaha shaandhada kelliyada ah waxaa ka mid ah xawaaraha xayeysiinta degdega ah, awoodda dib u soo kabashada ee joogtada ah, caabbinta burburinta wanaagsan iyoiska caabin wasakhaysan. Tilmaamahani waxay hagaajin karaan waxtarka iyo cimriga shaandhada labadaba. 3Å shaandhada molecular waa qalajiyaha lagama maarmaanka u ah batroolka iyo warshadaha kiimikada si loo sifeeyo saliidda, polymerization, iyo qalajinta qoto dheer ee dareeraha-gaaska kiimikada.
3Å shaandhooyin molecular ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyo agabyo kala duwan, sidaethanol, hawada,qaboojiyaha,gaaska dabiiciga ahiyohydrocarbons aan saturated. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah gaaska dilaaca,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneiyobutadiene.
3Å shaandhada molecular waxaa loo isticmaalaa in biyaha laga saaro ethanol, taas oo hadhow si toos ah loogu isticmaali karo shidaal bio-fuel ama si dadban si loo soo saaro alaabooyin kala duwan sida kiimikooyinka, cuntooyinka, daawooyinka, iyo kuwo kale. Maadaama nadiifinta caadiga ah aysan ka saari karin dhammaan biyaha (wax soo saarka aan loo baahnayn ee ka yimaada soosaarka ethanol) ee ka yimaada geeddi-socodka ethanol sababtoo ah sameyntaazeotropeQiyaastii 95.6 boqolkiiba culeyska culeyska, suufka shaandhada molecular waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kala saaro ethanol iyo biyaha heer molecular iyadoo biyaha lagu dhejiyo kuulka una oggolaanaya ethanol inuu si xor ah u gudbo. Marka kuulku ka buuxo biyo, heerkulka ama cadaadiska ayaa la maamuli karaa, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in biyaha laga sii daayo suufka shaandhada molecular.[15]
3Å shaandhada molecular waxaa lagu kaydiyaa heerkulka qolka, oo leh qoyaan aan ka badnayn 90%. Waxa lagu xidhay cadaadis la dhimay, lagana fogeeyay biyaha, aashitada iyo alkaliska.
4Å
Qaabka kiimikada: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Saamiga Silicon-aluminium: 1: 1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Wax soo saar
Soo saarista shaandhada 4Å waa mid toos ah sababtoo ah uma baahna cadaadis sare iyo gaar ahaan heerkul sare. Caadi ahaan xalalka aqueous eesodium silicateiyoaluminium sodiumwaxaa lagu daraa heerkul ah 80 ° C. Alaabta millatariga ah ee uurka leh ayaa "dhaqdhaqaaqa" iyadoo "dubista" 400 °C 4A shaandhada waxay u adeegtaa horudhaca 3A iyo 5Aisdhaafsiga cationeesodiumwaayopotassium(loogu talagalay 3A) amacalcium(5A)
Isticmaalka
Qalajinta qalajinta
4Å shaandho molecular ah ayaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu qalajiyo dareeraha shaybaarka. Waxay nuugi karaan biyaha iyo unugyada kale ee leh dhexroorka muhiimka ah ee ka yar 4 Å sida NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, iyo C2H4. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalajinta, nadiifinta iyo nadiifinta dareeraha iyo gaasaska (sida diyaarinta argon).
Waxyaabaha lagu daro poliester-kawax ka beddel]
Shaleefooyinkan molecular ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu caawiyo saabuunta maadaama ay soo saari karaan biyo aan macdan lahayncalciumion beddelashada, ka saar oo ka hortag in wasakhda la dhigo. Waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu beddelofosfooraska. Shaandhooyinka molecular ee 4Å ayaa door weyn ka ciyaara beddelka sodium tripolyphosphate oo ah caawiye saabuun ah si loo yareeyo saameynta deegaanka ee saabuunta. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sida asaabuunwakiilka samaynta iyo gudahadaawada cadayga.
Daaweynta qashinka waxyeelada leh
4Å shaandhada molecular waxay nadiifin kartaa wasakhda noocyada cationic sidaammoniumions, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ iyo Cd2+. Xulashada sare ee NH4+ awgeed ayaa si guul leh loogu dabaqay goobta dagaalka si loola dagaallamoeutrophicationiyo saamaynta kale ee marin-biyoodka sababtoo ah amooniyamyada xad-dhaafka ah. 4Å shaandhada molecular ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay in laga saaro aions biraha culus ee ku jira biyaha sababtoo ah hawlaha warshadaha.
Ujeedooyin kale
Thewarshadaha macdanta: wakiilka kala soocida, kala-soocidda, saarista potassium brine,rubidium,cesiumiwm.
Warshadaha Kiimikada Batroolka,kicin,qallajiye, adsorbent
Beeraha:qaboojiyaha ciidda
Daawo: rar lacag ahzeolitewakiilka bakteeriyada.
5Å
formula kiimikaad: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Saamiga Silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Wax soo saar
5 Shaandho molecular ah ayaa lagu soo saaraa isweydaarsiga cationcalciumwaayosodium4A shaandho molecular (eeg kor)
Isticmaalka
Shan-ångström(5Å) Shaandhooyin molecular ayaa inta badan lagu isticmaalaa gudahabatroolkawarshadaha, gaar ahaan sifaynta durdurrada gaaska iyo in shaybaar kimistari ee kala soociddaxeryahoodaiyo walxo bilawga falcelinta qalajinta. Waxay ka kooban yihiin daloolo yaryar oo cabbir sax ah oo isku mid ah leh, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida adsorbent-ka gaaska iyo dareeraha.
Shan-ångström shaandhada molecular ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qallajiyogaaska dabiiciga ah, oo ay weheliso waxqabadnadiifintaiyokaarboonayntaee gaaska. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala saaro isku dhafka ogsijiinta, nitrogen iyo hydrogen, iyo saliid-wax n-hydrocarbons oo laga soo saaray hydrocarbons laamo ah iyo polycyclic.
Shan-ångström shaandhada molecular waxaa lagu kaydiyaa heerkulka qolka, oo leh aqoyaan qaraaboin ka yar 90% foosto kartoonada ah ama baakadaha kartoonada. Shaandhooyinka molecular waa in aan si toos ah hawada iyo biyaha loo gelin, asiidhyada iyo alkalis waa in laga fogaadaa.
Morfology ee shaandhada molecular
Shaandhooyin molecular ayaa lagu heli karaa qaabab iyo cabbirro kala duwan. Laakin kuul wareegsan ayaa ka faa'iidi kara qaababka kale maxaa yeelay waxay bixiyaan hoos u dhigista cadaadiska hooseeya, waxay u adkeysanayaan in aysan lahayn geeso fiiqan, oo ay leeyihiin xoog wanaagsan, tusaale ahaan burburinta xoogga loo baahan yahay halkii cutub ayaa ka sarreeya. Shaandhooyin molecular ah oo bir ah ayaa bixiya awoodda kulaylka hoose sidaas awgeed waxay hoos u dhigtaa shuruudaha tamarta inta lagu jiro dib u soo kabashada.
Faa'iidada kale ee isticmaalka shaandhada molecular ee kuulku waa cufnaanta bulk caadi ahaan way ka sarraysaa qaabka kale, sidaas darteed shuruudo isku mid ah mugga shaandhada molecular ee loo baahan yahay waa ka yar yahay. Markaa marka la samaynayo jarista dhalada, waxa laga yaabaa in qofku isticmaalo shaandhooyin molecular oo bir ah, oo ku shuba xayeysiyo badan oo isku mid ah, kana fogaado wax kasta oo beddelka markabka.
Waqtiga boostada: Jul-18-2023
